The Quality Assurance section also has subcategories: Human Factors and Cognitive Bias, Validity and the Courts, and Standards and Best Practices. The Forensic Document Examination section is subdivided into the following categories: Equipment Advances and Updates, Writing Instruments and Ink, Printing Technologies, Stamps and Stamp Inks, Substrates, Document Dating, Document Recovery (which is further divided into Alterations and Obliterations, Charred and Fluid-Soaked, and Reconstruction), Digital Documents, and Security Documents Examination. The Forensic Handwriting Examination section is divided into the following sections: Offline Signatures/Handwriting, Digitally Captured Signatures/Handwriting, Automated Systems, and Indentation Development. Several of these categories are further divided into subject areas. Given that this discipline is so broad and the different areas of analysis within the field so numerous, the results of the bibliographic research are grouped into key topics as follows: Forensic Handwriting Examination, Forensic Document Examination, Forensic Intelligence, Quality Assurance, Miscellaneous, and Trends, Challenges and Gaps. And establishing occurrences to documents – such as what has happened before, during and after production, erasures, alterations, and obliterations all respond to the how, and possibly to the why. Concluding about the production of documents such as process determination, instrument make-and-model determination, date of production assessments, association of suspect devices and counterfeit assessments respond to what, when, and where. Determining authorship of handwriting provides the who. In essence, FDEs are asked to determine the who, what, where, when, and how of documents. For example, while the definition of a document to some is quite narrow - a piece of paper with some printed text – forensic document examiners consider a much broader definition: any support used to transmit a message, such as paper, cardboard, plastic, concrete (graffiti), mirrors, white or blackboards, and all the components used to make that document.įurther, in FDE the questions posed typically require multiple examination types to properly respond to the many different questions about occurrences, origin, and production of those documents. To expand on this, forensic document examination is a field that is not well understood even within the broader, modern forensic community. In fact, for many crimes, such as financial and economic crimes, identity-based crimes, and national security, forensic handwriting/document examination is key to resolution. It has been noted anecdotally that many crime laboratories have shuttered their FDE Sections in recent years, however, as can be seen from the plethora of ongoing research in this field, this trend is not global. While the main goal of this review is to gather all useful and relevant elements for the improvement or even implementation of a questioned documents forensic laboratory, it also aims to help laboratories in choosing direction for new initiatives and internal developments, and to facilitate their capability development with respect to instrumentation and technology. This review is based on articles published in major forensic and generalist science journals, as well as books, and presentations at international forensic meetings during the period 2019 until mid-year 2022. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the technical advances and general areas of research in the field of Forensic Handwriting/Forensic Document Examination since the 19th INTERPOL International Forensic Sciences Management Symposium in 2019.
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